A 13-million-year-old fossil unearthed in northern India comes from a newly discovered ape, the earliest known ancestor of the modern-day gibbon. The discovery, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, fills a major void in the ape fossil record and provides important new evidence about when the ancestors of today’s gibbon migrated to Asia from Africa.
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The fossil, a complete lower molar, belongs to a previously unknown genus and species (Kapi ramnagarensis) and represents the first new fossil ape species discovered at the famous fossil site of Ramnagar, India, in nearly a century. The fossil’s discovery was serendipitous.
Research team members, including Research Associate Chris Campisano of Arizona State University’s Institute of Human Origins, Christopher Gilbert, Biren Patel, Rajeev Patnaik, and Premjit Singh, were climbing a small hill in an area where a fossil primate jaw had been found the year before.
While pausing for a short rest, Gilbert spotted something shiny in a small pile of dirt on the ground, so he dug it out and quickly realized he’d found something special. He said:
“We knew immediately it was a primate tooth, but it did not look like the tooth of any of the primates previously found in the area. From the shape and size of the molar, our initial guess was that it might be from a gibbon ancestor, but that seemed too good to be true, given that the fossil record of lesser apes is virtually nonexistent. “There are other primate species known during that time, and no gibbon fossils have previously been found anywhere near Ramnagar. So we knew we would have to do our homework to figure out exactly what this little fossil was.”
Determining the fossil’s place in the ape family tree
Since the fossil’s discovery in 2015, years of study, analysis, and comparison were conducted to verify that the tooth belongs to a new species, as well as to accurately determine its place in the ape family tree. The molar was photographed and CT-scanned, and comparative samples of living and extinct ape teeth were examined to highlight important similarities and differences in dental anatomy. Alejandra Ortiz, a former Institute of Human Origins postdoctoral researcher now at New York University, who is part of the research team, said:
“What we found was quite compelling and undeniably pointed to the close affinities of the 13-million-year-old tooth with gibbons. Even if, for now, we only have one tooth, and thus, we need to be cautious, this is a unique discovery. It pushes back the oldest known fossil record of gibbons by at least 5 million years, providing a much-needed glimpse into the early stages of their evolutionary history.”
In addition to determining that the new ape represents the earliest known fossil gibbon, the age of the fossil, around 13 million years old, is contemporaneous with well-known great ape fossils, providing evidence that the migration of great apes, including orangutan ancestors and lesser apes from Africa to Asia, happened around the same time and through the same places. Campisano, who is also an associate professor in ASU’s School of Human Evolution and Social Change, said:
“I found the biogeographic component to be really interesting. Today, gibbons and orangutans can both be found in Sumatra and Borneo in Southeast Asia, and the oldest fossil apes are from Africa. Knowing that gibbon and orangutan ancestors existed in the same spot together in northern India 13 million years ago, and may have a similar migration history across Asia, is pretty cool.”
The research team plans to continue research at Ramnagar, having recently received a grant from the National Science Foundation to continue their ongoing search for ape fossils.
Provided by: Julie Russ, Arizona State University [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
