Research into quantum engineering may provide several significant advancements in optical sensor technology, but optical loss and signal noise have — until recently — held these applications back. In “Realistic model of entanglement-enhanced sensing in optical fibers,“ published in Optics Express earlier this year, the Optics and Photonics Research Group at CU Boulder and their partners predict and demonstrate meaningful advances in fiber-based, quantum-enhanced remote sensing and probing of photosensitive materials.
The group, under the leadership of Alfred and Betty T., Look Endowed Professor Juliet Gopinath of the Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering modeled the internal loss, external phase noise, and inefficiency of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, but utilized a practical fiber source that created Holland-Burnett entangled states from the two-mode squeezed vacuum. This significantly reduced internal loss and phase noise limitations and demonstrated the potential gains of a quantum-based approach to sensitivity.
Optical sensors
The group found that a two-mode squeezed vacuum source provided about 25 times the amount of photon flux than comparable entangled sources and predicted that phase sensitivity might increase as much as 28 percent above the shot noise limit. Greg Krueper is a graduate Optics and Photonics Research Group graduate student and the paper’s first author. As an undergraduate student, he worked on design projects for sensors. Then, as a Ph.D. candidate studying under Gopinath, he learned about the potential enhancements quantum physics could bring to optical sensors. Krueper said:
“At that moment, quantum physics became not something to learn and work through but to leverage and engineer to our advantage. Reading through the literature on entanglement-enhanced sensing revealed a substantial gap between seeing the physics in the lab and using those observations in a practical sensor. We wanted to explore what it would take to create such a sensor and how difficult it would be.”
While the effects of phase noise and optical losses in classical and quantum versions of the sensor were previously modeled, the Gopinath group’s work was unique in that it integrated them into a single model, Krueper said:
“Our findings highlight some subtle points in making a practical sensor using the general technique of entangled photon interferometry. We also drew attention to the open and largely unexplored idea of using these sensing methods with optical fiber sensors, which would greatly expand the range of applications for the technique.”
Assistant Research Professor Lior Cohen gave Krueper unique credit for designing and programming the model, calculating the results, and working on the paper. In addition, Cohen served in an advisory role on the project, Cohen said, citing a desire to tackle these experiments:
“Quantum mechanics’ counterintuitive results inspired me. To continue this work, we have plans to develop quantum-enhanced, long-distance temperature sensors in fibers.”
The research was performed in collaboration with co-authors Stephen Libby and Charles Yu at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Robert Mellors at the University of California, San Diego.
Provided by Jonathan Raab, the University of Colorado at Boulder [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
