10 Times Last Year the Webb Telescope Blew Us Away With New Images of Our Stunning Universe

The Carina star-forming region.
The Carina star-forming region imaged by the Webb telescope. (Image: via NASA)

It is no exaggeration to say the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents a new era for modern astronomy. Launched on December 25 last year and fully operational since July, the telescope offers glimpses of the universe that were inaccessible to us before. Like the Hubble Space Telescope, the Webb telescope is in space, so it can take pictures with stunning detail free from the distortions of Earth’s atmosphere.

However, while Hubble is in orbit around Earth at an altitude of 540km, the Webb telescope is 1.5 million kilometers distant, far beyond the Moon. From this position, away from the interference of our planet’s reflected heat, it can collect light from across the universe far into the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. This ability, when combined with the Webb telescope’s larger mirror, state-of-the-art detectors, and many other technological advances, allows astronomers to look back to the universe’s earliest epochs.

As the universe expands, it stretches the wavelength of light traveling toward us, making more distant objects appear redder. At great enough distances, the light from a galaxy is shifted entirely out of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum to the infrared. The Webb telescope is able to probe such sources of light right back to the earliest times, nearly 14 billion years ago. The Hubble telescope continues to be a great scientific instrument and can see at optical wavelengths where the Webb telescope cannot. But the Webb telescope can see much further into the infrared with greater sensitivity and sharpness.

10 images of the staggering power of this new window to the universe

1. Mirror alignment complete

Left: The first publicly released alignment image from the Webb telescope. Astronomers jumped on this image to compare it to previous images of the same part of the sky like that on the right from the Dark Energy Camera on Earth.
Left: The first publicly released alignment image from the Webb telescope. Astronomers jumped on this image to compare it to previous images of the same part of the sky like that on the right from the Dark Energy Camera on Earth. (Image: C. Jacobs via NASA / STScI / LegacySurvey)

Despite years of testing on the ground, an observatory as complex as the Webb telescope required extensive configuration and testing once deployed in the cold and dark of space. One of the biggest tasks was getting the 18 hexagonal mirror segments unfolded and aligned to within a fraction of a wavelength of light. In March, NASA released the first image (centered on a star) from the fully aligned mirror. Although it was just a calibration image, astronomers immediately compared it to existing images of that patch of sky — with considerable excitement.

2. Spitzer vs. MIRI

Two orange images showing a series of bright dots - the left one is much fuzzier than the right one
This image shows a portion of the ‘Pillars of Creation’ in the infrared (see below); on the left taken with the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Webb telescope on the right. The contrast in depth and resolution is dramatic. (Image: via NASA / JPL-Caltech (left), NASA / ESA / CSA / STScI (right))

This early image, taken while all the cameras were being focused, clearly demonstrates the step change in data quality that the Webb telescope brings over its predecessors. On the left is an image from the Spitzer telescope, a space-based infrared observatory with an 85cm mirror; the right, the same field from the Webb telescope’s mid-infrared MIRI camera and 6.5m mirror. The resolution and ability to detect much fainter sources is on show here, with hundreds of galaxies visible that were lost in the noise of the Spitzer image. This is what a bigger mirror situated out in the deepest, coldest dark can do.

3. The first galaxy cluster image

Two images of hundreds of dots of light on a dark background, with more visible on the right hand side
SMACS 0723 galaxy cluster – from Hubble on the left, and the Webb telescope on the right. Hundreds more galaxies are visible in the Webb telescope’s infrared image. (Image: via NASA / STSci)

The galaxy cluster with the prosaic name of SMACS J0723.3–7327 was a good choice for the first color images released to the public from the Webb telescope. The field is crowded with galaxies of all shapes and colors. The combined mass of this enormous galaxy cluster, over 4 billion light years away, bends space in such a way that light from distant sources in the background is stretched and magnified, an effect known as gravitational lensing.

These distorted background galaxies can be clearly seen as lines and arcs throughout this image. The field is already spectacular in Hubble images (left), but the Webb telescope near-infrared image (right) reveals a wealth of extra detail, including hundreds of distant galaxies too faint or too red to be detected by its predecessor.

4. Stephan’s Quintet

Side-by-side images of four large, luminous circles with thousands of stars in the background and within; the left side has more brightness and sharpness
Hubble (l) and the Webb telescope (r) images of the group of galaxies known as ‘Stephan’s Quintet’. The inset shows a zoom-in on a distant background galaxy. (Image: via NASA / STScI)

These images depict a spectacular group of galaxies known as Stephan’s Quintet, a group that has long been of interest to astronomers studying the way colliding galaxies interact with one another gravitationally. On the left, we see the Hubble view, and the right, the Webb telescope mid-infrared view. The inset shows the power of the new telescope, with a zoom in on a small background galaxy. In the Hubble image we see some bright star-forming regions, but only with the Webb telescope does the full structure of this and surrounding galaxies reveal itself.

5. The Pillars of Creation

Two side-by-side images of finger-like protrusions on a multicoloured starry background, wth more detail visible on the right
The ‘Pillars of Creation,’ a star-forming region of our galaxy, as captured by Hubble (left) and the Webb telescope (right). (Image: Joseph DePasquale (STScI), Anton M. Koekemoer (STScI), Alyssa Pagan (STScI) via NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI; )

The so-called Pillars of Creation is one of the most famous images in all of astronomy, taken by Hubble in 1995. It demonstrated the extraordinary reach of a space-based telescope. It depicts a star-forming region in the Eagle Nebula, where interstellar gas and dust provide the backdrop to a stellar nursery teeming with new stars. The image on the right, taken with the Webb telescope’s near-infrared camera (NIRCam), demonstrates a further advantage of infrared astronomy: the ability to peer through the shroud of dust and see what lies within and behind.

6. The ‘Hourglass’ Protostar

An orange-and-blue hourglass shape on a dark background, with a blurrier blue image of the same shape in the upper corner
The ‘hourglass protostar,’ a star still in the process of accreting enough gas to begin fusing hydrogen. Inset: A much lower resolution view from Spitzer. (Image: A. Tobin via NASA / STScI / JPL-Caltech/)

This image depicts another act of galactic creation within the Milky Way. This hourglass-shaped structure is a cloud of dust and gas surrounding a star in the act of formation — a protostar called L1527. Only visible in the infrared, an “accretion disk” of material falling in (the black band in the center) will eventually enable the protostar to gather enough mass to start fusing hydrogen, and a new star will be born. In the meantime, light from the still-forming star illuminates the gas above and below the disk, making the hourglass shape. Our previous view of this came from Spitzer; the amount of detail is once again an enormous leap ahead.

7. Jupiter in infrared

A turqoise and blue banded sphere with bright orange patches of light at both poles
An infrared view of Jupiter from the Webb telescope. Note the auroral glow at the poles; this is caused by the interaction of charged particles from the sun with Jupiter’s magnetic field. (Image: via NASA / STScI)

The Webb telescope’s mission includes imaging the most distant galaxies from the beginning of the universe, but it can look a little closer to home as well. Although the Webb telescope cannot look at Earth or the inner Solar System planets — as it must always face away from the Sun — it can look outward at the more distant parts of our Solar System. This near-infrared image of Jupiter is a beautiful example, as we gaze deep into the structure of the gas giant’s clouds and storms. The glow of auroras at both the northern and southern poles is haunting.

This image was extremely difficult to achieve due to the fast motion of Jupiter across the sky relative to the stars and because of its fast rotation. The success proved the Webb telescope’s ability to track difficult astronomical targets extremely well.

8. The Phantom Galaxy

Three similar images of spiral galaxy in different colours, with the middle one providing the most detail
Hubble visible light (l), the Webb telescope infrared (r), and combined (middle) images of the ‘Phantom Galaxy’ M74. The ability to combine visible light information about stars with infrared images of gas and dust allows us to probe such galaxies in exquisite detail. (Image: via ESA / NASA)

These images of the so-called Phantom Galaxy or M74 reveal the power of the Webb telescope not only as the latest and greatest of astronomical instruments, but as a valuable complement to other great tools. The middle panel here combines visible light from Hubble with infrared from Webb, allowing us to see how starlight (via Hubble) and gas and dust (via the Webb telescope) together shape this remarkable galaxy. Much of Webb telescope science is designed to be combined with Hubble’s optical views and other imaging to leverage this principle.

9. A super-distant galaxy

Side by side images of a black background with many small galaxies of various shapes glowing faintly
A ‘zoom in’ on a galaxy from one of the universe’s earliest epochs, when the universe was only about 300 million years old (the small red source visible in the center of the right panel). Galaxies at this distance are impossible to detect in visible light as their emitted radiation has been ‘redshifted’ far into the infrared. (Image: C. Jacobs via NASA / STScI)

Although this galaxy — the small, red blob in the right image — is not among the most spectacularly picturesque our universe has to offer, it is just as interesting scientifically. This snapshot is from when the universe was a mere 350 million years old, making this among the very first galaxies ever to have formed. Understanding the details of how such galaxies grow and merge to create galaxies like our own Milky Way 13 billion years later is a key question, and one with many remaining mysteries, making discoveries like this highly sought after.

It is also a view only the Webb telescope can achieve. Astronomers did not know quite what to expect; an image of this galaxy taken with Hubble would appear blank, as the light of the galaxy is stretched far into the infrared by the expansion of the universe.

10. This giant mosaic of Abell 2744

An irregularly shaped image of hundreds of glowing dots on a dark background
An image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2744 created by combining many different Webb telescope exposures. In this tiny part of the sky (a fraction of a full Moon) almost every one of the thousands of objects shown is a distant galaxy. (Image: Lukas Furtak (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) via images from the GLASS / UNCOVER teams)

This image (click here for full view) is a mosaic (many individual images stitched together) centered on the giant Abell 2744 galaxy cluster, colloquially known as “Pandora’s Cluster.” The sheer number and variety of sources that the Webb telescope can detect is mind-boggling; with the exception of a handful of foreground stars, every spot of light represents an entire galaxy. In a patch of dark sky no larger than a fraction of the full Moon there are umpteen thousands of galaxies, really bringing home the sheer scale of the universe we inhabit. Professional and amateur astronomers alike can spend hours scouring this image for oddities and mysteries.

Over the coming years, the Webb telescope’s ability to look so deep and far back into the universe will allow us to answer many questions about how we came to be. Just as exciting are the discoveries and questions we can not yet foresee. When you peel back the veil of time as only this new telescope can, these unknown unknowns are certain to be fascinating.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Colin Jacobs, Postdoctoral Researcher in Astrophysics, Swinburne University of Technology, and Karl Glazebrook, ARC Laureate Fellow & Distinguished Professor, Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology

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