Machine Learning Reveals Hidden Components of X-Ray Pulses
Ultrafast pulses from X-ray lasers reveal how atoms move at timescales of a femtosecond. That’s a quadrillionth of a second. However, measuring the properties of the X-ray pulses themselves is challenging. While determining an X-ray pulse’s maximum strength, or “amplitude,” is straightforward, the time at which the pulse reaches the maximum, or “phase,” is often ...
